Token Selection Without Matrix Multiplication: Experimental Evidence for Retrieval-Based Inference

We present experimental evidence that token selection in large language models can be performed wit hout computing the full transformer forward pass. By replacing softmax-based token selection with a retrieval-and-voting mechanism, we achieve 91-100% offline accuracy and a sustained 99% non-BOS to ken rate in standalone inference at 671 tokens per second on a consumer-grade Mac Studio. Our resul ts challenge the default assumption that inference quality is inseparable from matrix multiplicatio n.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-05-29
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20437055
Primary Topic
Topic Modeling
Type
preprint
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preprint

Token Selection Without Matrix Multiplication: Experimental Evidence for Retrieval-Based Inference

文国 韩
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Topic Modeling
preprint

Token Selection Without Matrix Multiplication: Experimental Evidence for Retrieval-Based Inference

文国 韩
preprint en

Abstract

We present experimental evidence that token selection in large language models can be performed wit hout computing the full transformer forward pass. By replacing softmax-based token selection with a retrieval-and-voting mechanism, we achieve 91-100% offline accuracy and a sustained 99% non-BOS to ken rate in standalone inference at 671 tokens per second on a consumer-grade Mac Studio. Our resul ts challenge the default assumption that inference quality is inseparable from matrix multiplicatio n.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Topic Modeling
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Token Selection Without Matrix Multiplication: Experimental Evidence for Retrieval-Based Inference — 文国 韩 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS