Detection of phthalate migration in rice wine (Huangjiu) packaging by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

In this study, a sensitive and reliable analytical method combining headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated for the detection of 17 PAEs in Huangjiu (Chinese rice wine). Four types of Huangjiu (Yuanhong, Jiafan, Shanniang, and Xiangxue) were tested for PAEs migration under varying temperatures (5–95 °C) and soaking durations (3–70 days), using PVC gaskets from commercial bottle caps. The method showed good linearity (R² ≥ 0.9964), recoveries between 70% and 110%, precision (RSD < 7.47%), and detection limits of 0.01–0.62 μg·L⁻¹. Rigorous blank control and matrix-consistent calibration were applied to minimize ubiquitous background contamination of PAEs. DEHP, DBP, and DINP were the major PAEs detected. Migration levels increased with temperature and time, with DBP showing significant leaching at 95 °C. A health risk assessment based on the latest EFSA group-TDI (50 EFSA/TDIμg/kg bw/day, as DEHP-equivalents) and relative potency factors confirmed that PAEs exposure from Huangjiu consumption remained well below safety thresholds.