Estimation and Analysis of Power Generation Potential from Municipal Solid Waste in Dire Dawa City Using the Rankine Cycle

The transition toward renewable energy sources has become a critical global objective. For developing nations facing the dual challenges of inefficient waste management and limited energy access, waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies offer a transformative solution to mitigate environmental concerns while enhancing power grid stability. This paper presents a detailed performance analysis of a proposed WTE thermal power plant for Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia, utilizing municipal solid waste (MSW) as a sustainable feedstock. The primary objective of this study is to estimate the power generation potential of the city’s MSW through thermal incineration integrated with a Rankine Vapor Cycle. Field data collection reveals that Dire Dawa City produces an average of 237.2 tons of waste daily, with a per capita generation rate of 0.49 kg. Laboratory characterization indicates that the waste possesses high energy potential, featuring an average calorific value of 18.20 MJ/kg (18.20 × 103 kJ/kg), a volatile matter content of 73.50%, and fixed carbon at 19.18%. Thermodynamic modeling and energy-flow simulations demonstrate that the facility can achieve a power output ranging from 7.64 MW to 22.80 MW, providing a nearly constant total energy yield of approximately 183,360 kWh per day. These results confirm that Dire Dawa City’s waste stream is a potent strategic resource for renewable energy. Ultimately, this research provides a technical roadmap for stakeholders, facilitating informed investment decisions and resource planning to ensure the successful implementation of sustainable thermal energy infrastructure in the region.