Evaluating Penetration Resistance in Composite Structures: a Comprehensive Review of Quasi-Static Punch Shear Testing

Ballistic protection structures have a long history of effectively countering various threats. However, a persistent challenge remains in enhancing their ballistic performance while minimizing weight. To achieve optimized structures, understanding the penetration behavior of constituent materials and energy absorption mechanisms is crucial. The quasi-static punch shear test (QS-PST) is commonly employed, particularly in composite materials, despite its significantly lower strain rates compared to ballistic events. This test serves as a valuable tool for gaining insights into energy absorption and failure mechanisms during high-speed impacts. Moreover, the outcomes of QS-PST have contributed to the development of predictive models for terminal ballistics and dynamic energy resistance in protective structures. This, in turn, provides designers with valuable insights into the ballistic resistance of structures, minimizing the need for expensive ballistic testing. This article presents a thorough review of research conducted using the QS-PST to characterize the penetration behavior of composite structures. It delves into the key factors influencing the test and offers a comprehensive methodology overview for analyzing penetration in materials commonly utilized in composite bullet-resistant structures. The literature review uncovers various studies leveraging the QS-PST to assess the penetration resistance of diverse targets. Additionally, it explores how the results can be correlated with high-speed impact events, shedding light on the energy absorbed through damage mechanisms observed in the materials.