Micro‐ and nanoplastics in the human genitourinary system: oncological impact – a systematic review

OBJECTIVES: To systematically assess the prevalence, distribution, and quantitative burden of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in human tissues of the urinary tract and male reproductive organs, with particular attention to their potential oncological implications. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was performed to identify human observational studies reporting detection and/or quantification of MNPs in the urinary tract and male reproductive organs. Risk of bias was assessed in the included studies. RESULTS: A total of 14 cross-sectional human studies were included. MNPs were detected across all investigated tissues, including the kidney, prostate, testis, penis, ureter, and, incidentally, the urinary bladder. All studies comparing malignant and adjacent non-malignant tissues (kidney, prostate, and penis) consistently reported significantly higher microplastic concentrations, particle counts or greater polymer diversity in tumour tissue. Considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies with respect to analytical techniques, digestion protocols, and reporting metrics. CONCLUSIONS: Micro- and nanoplastics are widely present in tissues of the urinary tract and male reproductive system and show consistent enrichment in urological malignancies compared with adjacent non-malignant tissue, suggesting potential oncological relevance. Substantial methodological heterogeneity currently limits comparability across studies, underscoring the need for standardised analytical approaches to advance research in this field.