Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as a Probiotic Microbial Cell Factory: From Genetic Engineering to Fermentation

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has transformed from a traditional probiotic into a versatile microbial cell factory through innovations in genomic tools and metabolic engineering. This review summarizes recent progress in utilizing EcN for biochemical synthesis. First, the development of genetic editing tools is systematically discussed, highlighting how these methods serve as the foundation for metabolic rewiring. Second, we examine EcN bioproduction capabilities, including its application as in situ Live Biotherapeutic Products (LBPs) for targeted disease interventions and its use in the ex vivo biosynthesis of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Third, optimization strategies for fermentation processes, focusing on diverse carbon source assimilation and industrial scale-up parameters, demonstrate the potential of this strain for commercial production. Through these advancements, EcN emerges as a practical platform for next-generation biomanufacturing and precision medicine.