SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND OPERATIONAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ACCIDENTS IN PETROLEUM GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

Petroleum geophysical exploration, a critical phase in the oil and gas industry, involves high-risk activities such as seismic surveys and drilling that are prone to accidents due to intertwined socio-economic and operational factors. This study examines these contributors through a comprehensive analysis, drawing on primary data collected from field surveys and integrating insights from both historical and contemporary literature. Socio-economic elements, including workforce demographics, economic pressures on contractors, and inadequate training linked to cost-cutting measures, exacerbate risk, while operational factors like equipment failure, poor maintenance, and procedural lapses directly precipitate incidents. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, with quantitative surveys of 250 participants from exploration sites in Nigeria and qualitative interviews to capture nuanced experiences. Demographically, the sample revealed a predominantly male workforce (85%), with ages ranging from 25-45years, and varying educational levels from high school to advanced degrees in geophysics. Theoretical frameworks such as the Human Factors Analysis and Classification system for Oil and Gas (HFACS-OG) and Heinrich’s Domino Theory guide the analysis, highlighting how organizational influences cascade into unsafe acts. Findings indicate that socio-economic disparities, such as low wages leading to fatigue among entry-level workers, contribute to 40% of reported near-misses, while operational shortcomings like outdated seismic equipment account for 35% of accidents. The study underscores the need for integrated safety protocols that address both human and systemic vulnerabilities. Recommendations include enhanced regulatory oversight, investment in worker training, and adoption of resilient engineering practices to mitigate future risks. This article contributes to humanities-oriented scholarship by framing accidents not merely as socio-cultural phenomena embedded in global economic structures.