Peatland fire ecology and management in Malaysia: hydrological controls, empirical insights and pathways to climate resilience

Abstract Background Peatland fires are among the most severe disturbances in tropical regions and represent a major source of greenhouse gas emissions in Southeast Asia, including Malaysia. Extensive drainage of peatlands for agriculture and settlement has transformed naturally waterlogged and fire-resistant peat swamp forests into highly combustible landscapes. These changes highlight the need for an integrated understanding of the interactions among soil properties, hydrology, vegetation and human activities to support effective fire management and ecological restoration. Results This review synthesises existing research on peatland fire behaviour in Malaysia, drawing on studies in hydrology, ecology, fire science and policy. Evidence has consistently demonstrated that fire ignition risk increases sharply as peat moisture declines and groundwater tables fall. Smouldering fires can propagate beyond 1 m below the surface and release substantial amounts of carbon per hectare. Moreover, recurrent burning can lead to biodiversity loss, soil subsidence and the conversion of peat swamp forests into fire-prone grasslands. The review highlights hydrological restoration, particularly canal blocking and revegetation with native species, as a key strategy for reducing fire frequency and severity. In addition, emerging technologies, including unmanned aerial vehicle thermal detection, the GS Mark III deep-water injection system and Internet of Things sensor networks, demonstrate strong potential for early detection and improved suppression of ground fire. Conclusion Sustainable peatland fire management in Malaysia requires a holistic framework that integrates community engagement, hydrological restoration and ecological rehabilitation. Strengthening data sharing, monitoring and adaptive management within existing initiatives, such as the National Action Plan for Peatlands and regional ASEAN haze mitigation strategies, can further reduce emissions and enhance ecosystem resilience. Together, these approaches provide a pathway towards more climate-resilient peatland fire management in Malaysia and across Southeast Asia.