Bacterial siderophores: a biotechnological alternative for sustainable agriculture

Iron is an essential element for all organisms due to its involvement in numerous cellular processes. Siderophores, which are small organic molecules produced by microorganisms, chelate iron and have significant biotechnological potential. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that synthesize siderophores can improve plant iron uptake and contribute to the management of phytopathogens. Elucidating the biosynthesis and functional roles of siderophores in plant growth is important for developing ecological strategies that minimize agrochemical use, and mitigate pest and disease damage. This review examines the classification, biosynthesis, transport and regulation of bacterial siderophores, highlights prominent siderophore-producing PGPR, and discusses the mechanisms by which siderophores facilitate plant growth and phytopathogen suppression.