Development and Characterization of Agar–Starch-Based Bioplastic Films

This study investigates agar–starch composite bioplastic films formulated with five agar-to-starch ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1) to evaluate how composition influences material performance. Films were produced by solution casting with glycerol as a plasticizer and characterized through tensile testing (ASTM D882-18), DSC, TGA, FTIR, water absorption measurements, physical property assessment, and biodegradability tests including water, UV, and soil degradation. Mechanical results showed that the 3:1 formulation (A3S1) exhibited the highest tensile strength (2.78 MPa) with moderate elongation (57.25%), while the 1:1 formulation (A1S1) showed the greatest flexibility (76.38% elongation) but lower strength (2.07 MPa). Thermal analysis indicated improved thermal stability with increasing agar content, with onset degradation temperatures ranging from 42.89 °C to 51.84 °C and melting points from 99 °C to 108 °C. FTIR spectra showed no new major absorption bands, with only minor shifts in selected bands, indicating component interactions without evidence of new chemical bond formation. Films with higher starch content displayed increased thickness, weight per area, and water absorption. Overall, adjusting agar–starch ratios produced distinct combinations of mechanical, thermal, and physical properties, with the 3:1 ratio offering the best balance of strength and water resistance. All formulations showed measurable biodegradation under water, UV, and soil conditions, indicating environmental degradability.