Physical activity and anthropometric factors as predictors for postural stability in children

To determine whether anthropometric factors and different domains of physical activity are associated with postural stability outcomes in children. Ninety-five children aged 7-18 years were enrolled in a cross-sectional observational study. Exposures included demographic variables, BMI category (according to German percentiles), physical education (PE), and factor scores for physical activity domains derived from exploratory factor analysis. Postural stability was assessed using computerized dynamic posturography, including scores of Sensory Organization Test (SOT), Limits of Stability (LOS), and Motor Control Test (MCT). Primary hypotheses about BMI, height, sex, and PE grades were pre-specified, and factor-analytic activity scores were added as predictors. Among 95 participants (mean [SD] age, 13.0 [2.6] years; 44 [46%] male), an exploratory factor analysis of 12 self-reported activity indicators identified five domains: daily activity, cycling, walking, sports club activity, and leisure-time activity. These domains explained 72% of the variance. Age, height, PE, weight, daily activity, and leisure-time activity were associated with postural stability measures. Older age correlated with better directional control (β = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.03-0.71; P = .03) and higher SOT scores (β = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.01-0.68; P = .04). Lower PE grades were related to poorer directional control (β = -0.24; 95% CI, - 0.47 to - 0.02; P = .03). Overweight was linked to lower endpoint excursion (β = -0.65; 95% CI, - 1.27 to - 0.02; P = .04), and obesity to less favorable balance strategies (β = -0.62; 95% CI, - 1.08 to - 0.15; P = .009). Sports club participation moderated the association between obesity and MCT latency (β = -0.65; 95% CI, - 1.08 to - 0.22; P = .004). Model fit was modest (adjusted R² = 0.04-0.23). Postural stability correlated with school PE grades and several physical activity domains. Findings highlight complex biological-behavioral interactions, and the need for multidimensional assessment of motor, and balance competencies in youth.