Recent developments in analytical techniques for monitoring anabolic–androgenic steroids in biological and environmental matrices: challenges and future opportunities

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely used in clinical practice but are also frequently misused, necessitating reliable analytical methods for their detection in biological and environmental matrices. This review summarizes recent developments in analytical techniques for AAS determination between 2011 and 2024, with emphasis on chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches. Relevant literature was identified through searches of major scientific databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, using keywords related to anabolic-androgenic steroids and analytical detection methods; studies were selected based on relevance to methodological advances. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains a robust platform, with high-resolution GC-HRMS enhancing selectivity and retrospective analysis capabilities. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) provides high sensitivity and throughput for targeted quantification, while LC-HRMS enables broader screening through suspect and non-targeted approaches. Advances in sample preparation, including microextraction and automated workflows, have improved analytical efficiency and reduced matrix effects. Emerging platforms such as ion mobility spectrometry and ambient ionization methods offer rapid screening but remain complementary to established techniques. Overall, modern AAS analysis reflects a shift toward integrated analytical strategies combining targeted and high-resolution approaches to address increasing analytical complexity and evolving regulatory demands.