Trail-related tourism and economic rural development: a bibliometric analysis (1994–2024)

Trail-related tourism (TRT) is a significant aspect of nature-based tourism (NBT), with strong potential to stimulate rural economies. However, little is known about how trail-related sectors contribute to local development or how benefits are retained within rural communities. This study employs bibliometric analysis, systematic mapping, and qualitative synthesis to analyze publications from 1994 to 2024, identifying key factors in rural economic empowerment through TRT. The findings indicate that endogenous factors such as locally owned accommodation, transport, food, and guided tours are central to minimizing economic leakage and sustaining rural livelihoods, while exogenous factors—including education, land ownership, and infrastructure—remain critical. The study proposes a hybrid approach, balancing local capacity with external support. Practical implications are outlined for destination managers and policymakers, and research priorities are identified to enhance understanding of TRT's role in rural economic diversification and sustainable development.