Governance network structures in marine development: a policy document-driven social network analysis from Iran

Context Effective maritime governance depends on understanding the complex relationships among diverse institutional actors. Aims This study applies social network analysis (SNA) to Iran’s maritime governance system, drawing on the ‘Comprehensive Plan for the Implementation of General Policies for Maritime Development’ (GMDP) approved in 2024, which outlines a multidimensional strategy across economic, social, environmental and security domains involving 44 guiding articles and a broad spectrum of organisations. Methods Through a systematic review and coding of the GMDP, this research constructs and analyses the governance network, evaluating cooperation, coordination and the distribution of power and dependency among actors. Key results Results reveal a moderately dense and reciprocal network, with a cohesive core of government ministries and the private sector, but also notable fragmentation at the periphery, particularly among research and innovation-focused organisations. The private sector emerges as a key influencer, whereas the presence of distinct subgroups highlights both the potential for specialisation and the risk of policy fragmentation. Conclusions These findings are broadly consistent with international studies of marine governance, underscoring the need for stronger integration of peripheral actors and enhanced cross-sectoral collaboration. Implications The study offers practical insights for optimising institutional arrangements to support Iran’s sustainable maritime development.