From classroom to the counter: exploring knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward Down syndrome among pharmacy students and pharmacists

BACKGROUND: The worldwide prevalence of Down syndrome (DS) is increasing. Limited DS-specific information and dosing guidelines can hinder pharmacists' ability to effectively respond to DS related inquiries. As accessible healthcare providers, pharmacists are well positioned to identify and address these challenges, yet their role in optimizing DS care remains underexplored. This study aimed at evaluating community pharmacists' knowledge, confidence, and practices related to DS pharmacotherapy, and to identify training needs that can improve their role in optimizing medication management for individuals with DS. METHODS: A cross-sectional online questionnaire was conducted among community pharmacists and pharmacy students to assess their knowledge, practices and confidence regarding DS pharmacotherapy. The survey included questions on educational background, experience with DS-related inquiries, and training needs. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, scoring, and tests for statistical significance. RESULTS: Four hundred and two participants completed the study. The results revealed that a majority had limited familiarity with DS pharmacotherapy. Levels in managing medication needs for DS patients were generally low, particularly for prescription medications. More than 90% of participants support the integration of specialized courses, ongoing education, and pharmacist training within the pharmacy curriculum. Positive attitudes toward integrating DS-related content in the curriculum were reported by 94% of respondents. They also emphasized the active involvement of public authorities, collaboration with community organizations, expansion of clinical research, and greater use of social media to increase DS awareness and improve early healthcare access. Knowledge scores were highest for Clinical Causes, Symptoms and Treatment (12.90 ± 5.84; range - 14 to 14) and lowest for Causes and Prevalence (- 3.61 ± 3.04; range - 14 to 14), with modest scores for Prevention (2.20 ± 2.10; range - 6 to 6) and Treatment (3.05 ± 1.81; range - 10 to 10). The mean of overall total knowledge score was 12.20 ± 7.23 (range - 44 to 44). Among participants, only 27% demonstrated good knowledge scores (≥ 70%), while 62% showed moderate knowledge and 11% poor knowledge Scoring analysis indicated significant gaps in specific knowledge domains related to DS treatment and dose adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights gaps in participants' knowledge and confidence regarding DS pharmacotherapy, emphasizing the need to update curricula to a more structured DS-focused curricula and mandatory continuing education. Strengthening pharmacists' competencies in this area can enhance their ability to provide safe, effective care for patients with DS and potentially contribute to positive outcomes in the health system.