Plumbagin-PLA- chitosan nanoformulation ameliorates inflammation in cervical cancer (SiHa) cells by enhancing bioavailability and targeted drug delivery

of 178 µg/mL and 24.2 µg/mL in BSA and egg albumin denaturation assay, respectively, confirming its anti-inflammatory activity. It also restored the membrane integrity (72%) on membrane lysis assay. Further, the downregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, and MCP1) and the inflammatory protein NFκB on LPS-induced SiHa cells confirms the anti-inflammatory potential. A mechanistic investigation of the nanoformulation also modulates oxidative stress mediated by ROS generation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential leading to apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate that the plumbagin-loaded chitosan nanoformulation possesses excellent anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic potential, which can be utilized as potential chemotherapeutics.