Black raspberry improves synaptic function and reverse aβ-induced insulin signaling impairment

Synapse dysfunction and impaired insulin signaling are important pathological features of Alzheimer's disease, leading to reduced glucose metabolism and neuronal energy deficits. This study evaluated the effect of black raspberry supplementation on synaptic function and insulin signaling using HT-22 cells. Synaptic markers, insulin signaling proteins, autophagy related proteins markers and downstream signaling molecules associated with tau phosphorylation were analyzed using molecular approaches. Obtained results showed that black raspberry and its ethanolic fraction significantly improved synaptic markers, restored insulin signaling, reduced tau hyperphosphorylation and normalized autophagy through suppression of mTOR signaling. These findings suggest that black raspberry may exert neuroprotective effects by improving synapse function and attenuating insulin resistance associated pathology in Alzheimer's disease models. Further validation in animal and clinical studies is required.