Health disparities in cystic fibrosis in the context of the exposome: recent developments and future directions

INTRODUCTION: Clinical outcomes with cystic fibrosis (CF) vary substantially even among individuals with the same cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genotype due to the wide spectrum of exposures that are linked to the social determinants of health. AREAS COVERED: The exposome framework offers a comprehensive lens to understand the non-genetic contributors to CF variability and the mechanisms by which sociodemographic characteristics impact upon health. It provides a structured approach to studying the effects of the natural, built, social, and policy environments on CF outcomes, as well as their internal biological effects. EXPERT OPINION: Integrating exposome science with multi-omics and clinical data promises to advance precision medicine, improve risk prediction, and reduce health disparities in CF. Addressing the challenges of exposome research will require multidisciplinary collaboration, innovative methodologies, and a commitment to translating findings into equitable clinical care.