Linguistic Diversity and Minority Language Policies in the Indian Subcontinent

The aim of this article is to analyze and compare different forms of multilingualism in the Indian Subcontinent by examining how and to what extent linguistic minorities have been recognized in postcolonial contexts. It analyzes the ways in which language policies contribute, on the one hand, to building national identity while, on the other hand, they represent tools for inclusion or exclusion. The study focuses on four historical and institutional contexts across different regions of the studied area: the Bengali language movement, the Tamil movement in India, the Punjabi linguistic context in Pakistan, and the Sri Lankan multilingualism. The findings underline that, despite formal recognition of multilingualism, institutional policies tend to privilege a single dominant language. Power asymmetry between dominant and minority linguistic groups and a strategic use of language in nation-building processes emerge, in different forms, in each of the four cases. The study highlights how language plays a crucial role in the process of shaping national identity in newly formed states and suggests the importance of recognizing linguistic diversity in order to prevent marginalization and internal conflicts. Lastly, the policy implications section recommends the promotion of linguistic mutual understanding and tolerance through, among others, the integration of technology and education, cultural promotion and exchange. In this context, the use of non-native English forms as a potential transitional lingua franca can facilitate communication while supporting linguistic integration.