The neglected triple disease burden and interaction of helminths, HIV and tuberculosis: an opportunity for integrated action in South Africa

The convergent distribution of HIV/AIDS and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), particularly helminthiasis, in sub-Saharan Africa has been described and associated with accelerated HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics in the region. South Africa (SA) suffers from the highest burden of HIV/AIDS and TB, especially in poor communities where helminth infection is endemic. The international NTD community is calling for integration of helminth control programmes into HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria control activities in developing countries. SA has integrated TB and HIV/AIDS services and plans to initiate a national helminth control programme, though how this might be integrated into HIV/AIDS and TB services is not clear.