Tracking density-driven plumes induced by offshore artificial upwelling: A CFD-Based approach

• Full-scale CFD framework developed to assess offshore artificial upwelling systems. • Tracer-based approach used to quantify nutrient transport in density-driven plumes. • Free-surface truncation strongly influenced plume dilution and persistence. • Moderate discharge angles balanced downstream plume coverage and nutrient transport. • Integrated metrics linked plume hydrodynamics to nutrient delivery performance.