Self‐Healing Optimization Techniques in Bacterial Concrete as an Environmentally Sustainable Solution: A Focused Review and Experimental Comparative Analysis

ABSTRACT To aim at the infrastructure sustainability, bacterial concrete which is biologically inspired approach that utilizes bacteria to induce self‐healing through microbial‐induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a way out. A review explores the optimization techniques used to improve this bioremediation process. The review focuses on various strategies to optimize the three key components of MICP: bacteria, nutrients, and mineral precursors. This review encompasses optimization across three primary dimensions: material parameter (bacterial strains, nutrient sources, and mineral precursors), process‐based parameters (encapsulation methods delivery mechanisms, and impregnation techniques), and environmental/structural parameters (pH, temperature, moisture conditions, and crack characteristics). Different methods for selecting and incorporating bacterial strains with robust ureolytic activity, capable of efficiently producing the enzyme crucial for calcite precipitation is presented. Other nutrient sources and delivery systems are examined to ensure long‐term bacterial viability and activity within the concrete matrix. Finally, the review analyses the techniques for optimizing along with the type and dosage of mineral precursors, such as calcium and carbonate sources, to promote efficient crack filling and improved healing capacity. By critically evaluating these optimization techniques, this review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to develop more efficient and durable self‐healing bacterial concrete. In the experimental study that followed the review, the effects of both monoculture and polyculture bacteria on the mechanical properties of concrete were investigated. The utilization of a Bacillus consortium (polyculture) turned out to be a significant advancement that accelerated the process of reaching compressive strength. This result emphasizes how synergistic microbial communities might improve self‐healing capabilities. The findings showed that both cultures performed better than one another in reaching the desired compressive strength (34 MPa) in 14 days. Finally, based on the reviewed literature, the study provided recommendations for further research and development in the field of self‐healing bacterial concrete. This paves the way for a future of sustainable infrastructure having enhanced longevity and reduced maintenance needs.