Quantum Technologies: Advances in Computing, Cryptographic Security, and Sensing Applications

This comprehensive review examines the latest advances in quantum technologies across three interconnected domains: quantum computing (NISQ devices, variational quantum algorithms, and quantum machine learning), quantum cryptography (NIST post-quantum cryptography standards, quantum key distribution, and advanced protocols like Quantum Permutation Pad), and quantum sensing (quantum dot-based sensors, NV-center magnetometry, atomic clocks, and energy applications). It highlights the convergence of these fields through quantum networks and distributed architectures while addressing key challenges such as decoherence, scalability, and error correction. An excellent resource for researchers seeking an integrated overview of quantum computing, security, and sensing developments (2020–2026).