Modeling loblolly pine plantations across planting densities and management intensities: II. stand basal area prediction and projection models

• BA is a key component of growth and yield model systems for forest management. • Traditional BA models assume asymptotic growth, often invalid in intensive stands. • New BA equations developed for loblolly pine across densities and management. • Models use Dq–age or HD relationships, avoiding fixed asymptotic assumptions. • New equations capture both asymptotic growth and post-culmination decline.