Advancement in the fabrication of piezoelectric biomaterial for tissue engineering applications: a comprehensive review

Piezoelectric biomaterials produce electrical impulses when subjected to mechanical stress, emulating normal physiological processes. These materials are being investigated for their potential to enhance tissue regeneration, namely in bone, cartilage, and tendon engineering. The manuscript aims to explore piezoelectric nanofibrous scaffolds that facilitate cell growth, division, and displacement to improve tissue repair and regeneration. Electrospun scaffolds composed of piezoelectric polymers have the potential for tissue regeneration by mimicking the extracellular matrix. The integration of conductive nanoparticles significantly improves their regeneration capabilities; yet, issues in improving mechanical and electrical performance persist. Piezoelectric biomaterials provide an innovative method for tissue engineering by using inherent electromechanical phenomena. Although initial outcomes are encouraging, more tuning is required for clinical applications.