Identifying and analysing barriers to the adoption of green entrepreneurship practices in the Indian automobile industry an interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach

Green entrepreneurship in the automotive sector is emerging rapidly as one of the key strategies to bring industrial development with environmental sustainability. The issue is relevant to current industry and policy contexts, when environmental law, consumer consciousness, and global climate obligations put increasing pressure. Existing literature on green entrepreneurship has extensively examined sustainability-oriented innovation; however, limited attention has been given to the interdependent barriers affecting its implementation within the automobile sector, particularly in emerging economies. Addressing this gap, the present study develops an integrated ISM–MICMAC framework to systematically identify and analyse the hierarchical relationships among key barriers to green entrepreneurship adoption. By modelling 11 critical barriers derived from literature and expert validation, the study uncovers their driving and dependence power, offering a structured understanding of causal linkages. The findings contribute to theory by advancing a systems-based perspective on green entrepreneurship barriers, and to practice by providing actionable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders aiming to accelerate sustainable transitions in the automotive sector.