Cancer nanotheranostics: next-generation early detection and treatment prioritization for cancers using phytonanotechnology

Cancer is basically a group of diseases involving genetic changes leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation in cancerous cells and tumour formation. The numbers of cancer cases are on the rise in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) due to the increase in the adoption of westernized lifestyle, changes in diet and reduction in physical activity among the African population (Chokunonga et al., 2013; Azubuike et al., 2018). The most common cancers in SSA countries are the breast and cervical cancers in women, and prostate cancer in men, as well as Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphomas as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Most cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage in Africa, which contributes to poor prognoses (Stefan, 2015; Rebbeck, 2020).