Unequal Contributions in the Climate Transition: Income and Household Differences in Food‐Related Carbon Emissions in South Korea

ABSTRACT Climate mitigation policies increasingly extend beyond production and energy systems to encompass everyday consumption practices, including food consumption and waste management. This study examines income‐ and household‐type differences in food‐related carbon emissions behaviors among South Korean households, focusing on beef and grain consumption and food waste generation. Using nationally representative household survey data, we analyze how emissions‐related behaviors vary across income groups and household structures at both the consumption and disposal stages. Results show clear heterogeneity: higher‐income households exhibit greater consumption of carbon‐intensive foods, particularly beef, and higher overall food‐related carbon emissions, whereas lower‐income households display comparatively lower emissions. Differences across household structures further indicate variation in food waste generation and per‐capita emissions. These patterns are consistent with existing evidence on consumption‐based carbon inequality and reflect differences in affordability, household composition, and constrained choice. The findings document systematic variation in consumption and waste patterns across income groups and household structures.