Enhanced microgrid management using sliding mode control with blockchain-enabled smart contracts for uncertainty regulation

This paper presents an integrated control and transactional framework aimed at enhancing the stability, resilience, and automation of decentralized microgrid systems. The proposed approach combines an advanced Sliding Mode Control (SMC) scheme with blockchain-enabled smart contracts to address critical challenges associated with conventional control strategies, including slow convergence rates, susceptibility to disturbances, and limited scalability. The SMC is augmented with a nonlinear disturbance observer to provide fast transient response, robust disturbance rejection, and reduced control chattering under dynamic operating conditions. A closed-loop interaction between the SMC and blockchain layers enables continuous two-way communication. Real-time operational parameters, such as power imbalances, voltage deviations, and frequency fluctuations, are transmitted from the controller to the blockchain layer. In response, smart contracts autonomously trigger control adjustments and Demand Response (DR) actions, which are fed back to the SMC as reference inputs. This dynamic feedback loop enables the system to adapt to fluctuations and uncertainties in both energy generation and consumption, thereby ensuring consistent power quality and system stability. Experimental results confirm the system’s ability to maintain stability and improve power quality under varying operational conditions. Moreover, the system facilitates coordinated energy exchange among interconnected microgrids, thereby supporting the integration of local renewable energy sources and reducing dependence on centralized grid infrastructure.