Javanese migration and language practices since the Dutch East Indies: Exploring code-mixing and code-switching in the Jadel subculture

This study examines the emergence of the Javanese-Deli (Jadel) subculture in North Sumatra, focusing on sociolinguistic dynamics, acculturation and hybridization, as well as the challenges associated with modern identity. The article aims to explore linguistic code-mixing and code-switching due to inter-island migration during the colonial era in the Dutch East Indies. We conducted direct observation, in-depth interviews, artefact analysis and document analysis. Across the regencies of Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai, Langkat and Batubara, data were collected from twenty participants selected for detailed analysis based on their expertise and relevance. The findings shed light on the historical development of the Javanese-Deli subculture, which emerged from the migration of Javanese workers to colonial private plantation companies in Deli. This community is characterized by unique familial and social organizations that form a distinct community identity, integrating elements from both parent cultures. Transculturation has fostered shared linguistic practices, values and norms, as manifested through code-mixing and code-switching, which helps bridge the cultural divide. The Javanese-Deli subculture exemplifies the interweaving of cultural hybridization in various aspects, particularly Jadel linguistics as a means of speech and identity. Furthermore, transculturation is reflected in traditions and customs, art and music, agricultural skills and ritual practices. The Jadel community strives to preserve the Jadel language and other cultural elements from generation to generation, both traditionally and through online communication channels, which strengthen community cohesion.