Numerical Insights into Sodium Alginate-Based ternary Hybrid Nanofluid flow over an Extending sheet with velocity and thermal slip conditions

Nanofluids are widely used in thermal management applications due to their superior heat transfer capabilities in cooling systems, automotive engines, and aerospace devices. This study addresses the gap in literature regarding slip effects on hybrid and ternary hybrid nanofluids by investigating the 3D flow of a Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid (Cu, CuO, Al 2 O 3 in sodium alginate) over a bidirectionally stretching porous surface. The novelty of the work lies in the simultaneous incorporation of velocity, thermal, and concentration slip, thermal radiation, Joule heating, heat source, and viscous dissipation within a non-Newtonian framework, using sodium alginate as a sustainable base fluid. Governing equations are transformed using similarity variables and solved numerically with MATLAB’s bvp4c solver. Results show that higher magnetic field, porosity, and slip parameters reduce velocities, while increased slip decreases temperature and concentration fields. Thermal profile is enhanced by thermal radiation, heat source, and Eckert number, and Sherwood number increases with chemical reaction and Schmidt number but decreases with slip. Therefore, the ternary hybrid nanofluid demonstrates superior heat and mass transfer performance, providing insights for efficient nanoliquid-based thermal systems.