A city left behind: technology and the triple helix in Buffalo City

Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM), like other cities, has adopted a smart-city concept as its development strategy. Various debates have been held about what constitutes a smart city. For present purposes, it suffices to note that technologies, especially those information and communication technologies (ICTs), drive smart cities. ICTs stimulate economic development and the use of software enabled technologies can help municipal authorities to improve their management of urban spaces (Kitchin, 2014). The use of these technologies is supposed to improve the urban network, foster socio-economic development and raise the quality of life for all residents.