Per-Entity Bias Mapping for AI Visibility: Why Brand Mentions Require Entity-Specific Calibration

AI-mediated answer systems increasingly determine how brands and organizations are represented to users. Existing approaches reduce visibility to mention rate or citation frequency. This paper argues that aggregate metrics are insufficient because entities exhibit systematically different AI visibility error profiles. We identify three failure modes: (1) invisibility for underrepresented entities, (2) the Brand Hallucination Paradox — high-salience brands receive more fabricated citations than low-salience brands (T1: 52.69% vs T3: 37.87%, χ²=45.326, p=1.67×10⁻¹¹, Cohen's h=0.299), (3) the CEE Entity Infrastructure Gap — OR=6.77 for Wikipedia/Wikidata presence T1 vs T3 (p=0.0002); English Wikipedia presence reduces fabrication odds by 28% (OR=0.724, p=0.024). A fourth dimension: Parametric-Retrieval Lag Asymmetry. Regulatory-framed queries elevate fabrication to 56.77% vs 37.59% factual baseline (+19.2 pp, FDR q<0.001) — a passive adversarial attack surface requiring no model access. We identify rejection-induced confabulation escalation: agentic quality filters function as hallucination accelerators. URL morphology taxonomy: 50.5% HTTP-404 Plausible Mirage; 51.9% target regulatory authority domains (gvh.hu, naih.hu, mnb.hu, birosag.hu). Empirical study: n=100 Hungarian B2B entities, 1,400 probe runs, 2,062 sources, non-AI HTTP+Crossref verification. Platforms: claude-sonnet-4-6 and gpt-4o-2024-08-06. Data collection: 2026-05-22, 07:25–12:16 UTC. Full data released as supplementary materials (CC BY 4.0).

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-05-22
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20347546
Primary Topic
Spam and Phishing Detection
Type
preprint
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Per-Entity Bias Mapping for AI Visibility: Why Brand Mentions Require Entity-Specific Calibration

Zoltan Varga
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Spam and Phishing Detection
preprint

Per-Entity Bias Mapping for AI Visibility: Why Brand Mentions Require Entity-Specific Calibration

Zoltan Varga
preprint en

Abstract

AI-mediated answer systems increasingly determine how brands and organizations are represented to users. Existing approaches reduce visibility to mention rate or citation frequency. This paper argues that aggregate metrics are insufficient because entities exhibit systematically different AI visibility error profiles. We identify three failure modes: (1) invisibility for underrepresented entities, (2) the Brand Hallucination Paradox — high-salience brands receive more fabricated citations than low-salience brands (T1: 52.69% vs T3: 37.87%, χ²=45.326, p=1.67×10⁻¹¹, Cohen's h=0.299), (3) the CEE Entity Infrastructure Gap — OR=6.77 for Wikipedia/Wikidata presence T1 vs T3 (p=0.0002); English Wikipedia presence reduces fabrication odds by 28% (OR=0.724, p=0.024). A fourth dimension: Parametric-Retrieval Lag Asymmetry. Regulatory-framed queries elevate fabrication to 56.77% vs 37.59% factual baseline (+19.2 pp, FDR q<0.001) — a passive adversarial attack surface requiring no model access. We identify rejection-induced confabulation escalation: agentic quality filters function as hallucination accelerators. URL morphology taxonomy: 50.5% HTTP-404 Plausible Mirage; 51.9% target regulatory authority domains (gvh.hu, naih.hu, mnb.hu, birosag.hu). Empirical study: n=100 Hungarian B2B entities, 1,400 probe runs, 2,062 sources, non-AI HTTP+Crossref verification. Platforms: claude-sonnet-4-6 and gpt-4o-2024-08-06. Data collection: 2026-05-22, 07:25–12:16 UTC. Full data released as supplementary materials (CC BY 4.0).

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Health Awareness (United States) (US)
Industry, innovation and infrastructure
Spam and Phishing Detection
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