Mapping Tsunami Vulnerability in Coastal Malaysia: The Critical Role of Building Characteristics and Coastal Proximity

ABSTRACT Tsunamis are rare but devastating disasters that primarily affect coastal regions. Structural mitigation measures, such as sea walls and offshore breakwaters, are effective but costly, especially for countries like Malaysia that are less prone to tsunamis. As a result, non‐structural approaches are more practical. This research focuses on assessing building vulnerability using geospatial methods and multicriteria decision‐making (MCDM), particularly the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and relative importance index (RII). Seven indicators with RII values exceeding 0.5 were accepted, while six were excluded. The AHP model utilised four key indicators and 17 sub‐indicators to evaluate building vulnerability. The consistency ratio (CR) was calculated and validated using Monte Carlo analysis, yielding an acceptable value of 0.02. Results indicate that buildings made of wood, with one floor, located within 400 m of the shoreline and used as residences are highly vulnerable to tsunamis. This study provides valuable insights for governments, NGOs and communities to proactively prepare for tsunamis. It offers a strategic framework to enhance mitigation measures, supporting effective disaster preparedness and reducing future risks.