Modeling of solar photovoltaic generation and power conditioning systems using maxwell’s equations of electromagnetics

Accurate modeling of photovoltaic (PV) systems coupled with power conditioning inverters is critical for optimizing efficiency, reliability, and thermal performance, especially in high-frequency and high-penetration applications. This study presents a Maxwell-based electromagnetic simulation framework that integrates PV module field distributions with inverter electromagnetic behavior, enabling a physically consistent evaluation of electric and magnetic stresses, losses, and thermal effects. Spatially resolved simulations reveal localized electric field hotspots, magnetic flux concentrations, and parasitic loss mechanisms that are not captured by conventional lumped-parameter models. Sensitivity analysis confirms the numerical stability and robustness of the coupled field–circuit model under variations in mesh, time-step, and material properties. Results demonstrate enhanced prediction of efficiency, component stress, and thermal behavior, offering actionable insights for inverter and PV design optimization. The proposed methodology supports reliable deployment of mini-grid and high-penetration PV systems, contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7 and SDG 13) and advancing renewable energy strategies in African and emerging energy markets.