Effects of traditional versus isometric-integrated multicomponent training on cardiovascular Health, physical function, quality of life and motivation in older adults with cardiovascular disease

) with stable CVDs were randomised into MCT (n = 10), IMCT (n = 10), or control (n = 10). Both interventions involved supervised 60-min sessions twice weekly for 24 weeks; IMCT replaced dynamic resistance training with isometric exercises. Outcomes included resting heart rate (RHR), peripheral blood pressure (P-SBP/P-DBP), physical fitness (30s chair stand, TUG, handgrip, 2' step, back scratch, chair sit & reach), quality of life (SF-36), and exercise motivation (BREQ-3). Both MCT and IMCT improved RHR, blood pressure, fitness, HRQoL, and motivation versus controls (p < 0.001). IMCT showed greater reductions in P-SBP (p = 0.004, d = 1.49) and P-DBP (p = 0.020, d = 1.13). Both programmes effectively enhance cardiovascular, physical, and psychological health in older adults with stable CVDs. IMCT offers superior blood pressure benefits, supporting IET integration in community-based cardiovascular programmes.