A study of balcony design characteristics promoting perceived restorativeness: a stated preference method

Purpose The open or semi-open spatial characteristics of residential balconies is recognized as a restorative resource. However, existing research lacks quantitative analysis of the mechanisms through which balcony design characteristics promote perceived restorative (PR). This study aims to address this research gap and provide a scientific basis for balcony design updates that prioritize residential health. Design/methodology/approach This study employs the stated preference method in a virtual balcony environment, conducted in Shanghai using a blended online-offline approach (n = 1,482). The discrete choice model was constructed based on high-quality data obtained, aiming to quantify the utility coefficients of balcony design characteristics and their interactive utility relationships. Findings The mixed logit model fitting results indicate (R2 = 0.29) that balcony areas, window views and plants are key design characteristics influencing PR. Structure types, enclosure types and furniture are important design characteristics, while materials are secondary design characteristics. Interaction analysis of 197 groups indicates that the relationship between the intensity of balcony elements configuration and PR is not a simple linear increase; the impact varies across different element configuration levels. Additionally, the subgroup modeling analysis indicates that vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly and low-income individuals have higher expectations for balcony design characteristics. Originality/value This study quantitatively identified key design characteristics influencing the PR of balconies and combinations of design characteristics with positive interactions, thereby enhancing the explanatory power of the theoretical model of balconies as restorative environments. Based on the research findings and insights, a design characteristic configuration strategy is proposed to enhance the restorative qualities of balconies.