Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates symptoms of Parkinson’s disease in mice through activating PPARγ and inhibiting MAPK signaling

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction and neuroinflammation. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in an MPTP-induced PD mouse model. Behavioral tests showed that Rg1 significantly improved motor coordination and emotional behavior. Rg1 also stabilized monoamine neurotransmitter levels in the cortex, striatum, and substantia nigra, and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Histological and molecular analyses further demonstrated that Rg1 alleviated nigrostriatal injury. Mechanistically, Rg1 increased PPARγ expression and inhibited MAPK signaling activation. These findings suggest that Rg1 ameliorates PD-like pathology through modulation of neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter homeostasis.