Age-stratified socio-demographic determinants of water insecurity in urban Ghana: Evidence from Accra

Age-based differences in household water insecurity remain underexplored, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas of sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined how socio-demographic factors influence water insecurity across age groups in Accra, Ghana. Data were obtained from 627 households in three neighborhoods in Accra, using a structured questionnaire. Water insecurity was assessed with the 12-item Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale. Stratified multivariate logistic regression models were applied to identify determinants of water insecurity among young adults (18–29 years), mid-age adults (30–59 years), and older adults (≥60 years). Unemployment was significantly associated with increased odds of water insecurity across all age groups—young (OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.04–0.92), middle-aged (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.12–0.99), and older adults (OR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.02–0.92). Reliance on unimproved water sources also elevated risk among young (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.01–6.72), middle-aged (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.07–38.23), and older (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.11–7.43) households. For older adults, travel distance greater than 30 minutes was a strong predictor (OR = 4.98; 95% CI: 1.72–14.37), while for younger adults, marital status and household decision-making authority reduced vulnerability. Water insecurity in urban Ghana is shaped by intertwined socio-economic and age-related vulnerabilities. Employment, access to improved sources, and proximity determine security across life stages, whereas autonomy and social support provide protection among younger adults. This paper contributes empirical evidence on how household water insecurity is patterned by age in an underexplored urban African context. By examining young, middle-aged, and older adults separately, the study identifies both shared and age-specific determinants that can inform more targeted and equitable WASH policy.