Low-Carbon and Zero-Carbon Marine Power Systems: Key Technologies and Development Prospects of Energy Materials

As the core pillar of international trade, the global shipping industry has seen its carbon and pollutant emissions become a key challenge in global environmental governance. Statistics indicate that ship carbon emissions account for 3% of the world’s total anthropogenic CO2 emissions, while contributing 20% of global NOx and 12% of SO2 emissions, posing a serious threat to coastal ecosystems and public health. In response to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) “Net Zero Framework” and national green shipping policies, the transformation of ship power systems toward low-carbon and zero-carbon operation has become an inevitable trend. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and application status of green energy materials for ships, focusing on the working principles, technical characteristics, and engineering application cases of solar photovoltaic (PV) materials, wind energy utilization technologies, fuel cell materials, and alternative clean energy fuels (e.g., liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, and hydrogen energy). It also discusses the integration mode and optimization strategy of multi-energy hybrid power systems. The research findings show that solar photovoltaic technology has achieved large-scale application in coastal ships; hydrogen fuel cells are suitable for long-range ocean navigation scenarios due to their high energy density; LNG and methanol have become the current mainstream alternative fuels, relying on mature infrastructure; and hybrid energy systems can significantly improve power supply reliability and emission reduction efficiency through multi-energy complementarity. Finally, aiming at the existing bottlenecks (e.g., cost, energy storage, and safety) of various technologies, future development directions are proposed. This study provides a reference for the technological breakthrough and engineering practice of green energy power systems for ships and contributes to the realization of the “carbon neutrality” goal in the global shipping industry.