Plant Pigments: Biological, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects (an Overview)

The organization, diversity, and functioning of pigment complexes of phototrophic organisms have for a long time attracted the attention of not only biologists but also specialists in related fields of science and practice. The review provides contemporary information on the main photosynthetic (chlorophyll, carotenoids) and non-photosynthetic (anthocyanins, betalains) plant pigments. The evolutionary aspects of diversity, structure, functions, biological properties, and localization of pigments in plant tissues and organs are analyzed. Data on the impact of environmental conditions and various stress factors on the composition and content of pigments and their participation in the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus are presented. The possibilities of using the traits of the pigment complex as an indicator of the state of the plant organism are discussed. The properties of pigments as biologically active compounds and the human need for food rich in carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains are noted.