The Essence of Electric Charge: The Indivisibility of Elementary Charge and the Theoretical Inconsistency of Fractional Electric Charge in Quarks

Physical units used by humans, such as meter, second, and coulomb, are artificial metrological standards established based on the macroscopic world. Measuring fundamental cosmic physical quantities like the speed of light and elementary charge using artificial macroscopic units yields decimal or large numerical values, but such numerical characteristics only reflect differences in artificial scales and do not imply that natural fundamental quantities are divisible. The speed of light and elementary charge are constant fundamental physical quantities in the universe, which are inherently the basic unit "1" at the natural essence level, possessing the properties of constancy, uniqueness, and indivisibility. This paper points out the existing cognitive misunderstandings in academia: many studies directly take mathematical fitting models for calculation as objectively existing physical facts. The fractional charges of one-third and two-thirds set in the quark model completely violate the basic physical criterion that elementary charge is minimal and indivisible, showing obvious theoretical flaws.