VirtuScope: development of a high-fidelity virtual microscope simulation system for histology education

BACKGROUND: Microscope operation is a core skill in morphological laboratory education. However, traditional instructional approaches often face limitations in equipment accessibility, procedural guidance, and hands-on opportunities. With the advancement of virtual simulation technologies, new pathways have emerged for improving practical skill training. This study presents the development of VirtuScope, a high-fidelity virtual microscope simulation system, and explores its application value in histology education. METHODS: VirtuScope was developed as a standalone virtual simulation system for microscopes, featuring 1:1 3D structural reconstruction and high-fidelity simulation of physical interactions and optics, powered by advanced human-computer interaction and computer graphics. Key simulation features include focus adjustment, objective switching, and light source control. In the instructional design, VirtuScope was integrated into a blended teaching model combining video guidance, self-directed practice, and progressive transition to real microscope use. Student feedback and learning outcomes were evaluated using pre- and post-course questionnaires and knowledge tests. RESULTS: Students rated the system highly in terms of image clarity, interactivity, and instructional support. Most participants reported improved understanding of microscope structure and operation, and over 90% expressed willingness to use VirtuScope in future learning. Knowledge test scores showed significant post-course improvement (p < 0.001), and the overall recommendation rate reached 98.52%. CONCLUSION: VirtuScope demonstrates strong adaptability and educational support capacity. Its visual, interactive, and repeatable features enhance learning efficiency and practical competence, offering a scalable complement to traditional microscopy training. Moreover, it provides a feasible solution for institutions with limited laboratory resources, extending access to high-quality microscopy education across diverse learning environments.