Prevalence and determinants of sedentary behavior among university students in Yemen: a national multicenter cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior is increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for adverse physical and mental health outcomes. University students are particularly vulnerable due to prolonged sitting associated with academic demands. However, data on SB among university students in Yemen remain limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, patterns, and determinants of sedentary behavior among Yemeni university students. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among 8,312 university students aged 18-30 years from 28 public and private universities across 10 Yemeni cities. Participants were recruited using a non-probability convenience sampling approach via online platforms, which may introduce selection bias. Data were collected using a web-based, self-administered questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics and the validated Arabic version of the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ). Average daily sedentary time was calculated, and prolonged sedentary behavior was defined as ≥ 7 h/day. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with prolonged sedentary behavior. RESULTS: The mean daily sedentary time was 326.3 ± 211.4 min, and 28.6% of students reported prolonged sedentary behavior. Watching television was the most common sedentary activity, followed by academic work and phone use. Sedentary time was higher among females and younger students in descriptive analyses. In multivariable analysis, enrollment in private universities (OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.68-2.08), studying in scientific/engineering/technical (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.30-1.68) or administrative/economic disciplines (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.12-1.53), smoking (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.12-1.47), and lack of access to university physical activity facilities (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.16-1.47) were independently associated with higher odds of prolonged sedentary behavior. Older age was associated with lower odds (21-24 years: OR = 0.82; ≥25 years: OR = 0.64). CONCLUSION: Sedentary behavior is common among Yemeni university students, with certain groups at higher risk. These findings suggest that university-based strategies, such as improving access to physical activity facilities and promoting active lifestyles, may help reduce sedentary time and support student health.