Synergistic Enhancement of S-Scheme Heterojunction and Macroscopic Assembly: Electrospun ZnCdS/CoS ₂ Fiber Membranes Achieve Efficient and Stable Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

Achieving efficient and stable solar-driven photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production requires simultaneously overcoming the issues of insufficient charge separation at the microscopic scale and difficult catalyst recovery at the macroscopic scale. In this study, an S-Scheme ZnCdS/CoS2 heterojunction catalyst was integrated into a PVDF/PVP/TiO2 electrospun fiber membrane via electrospinning technology, constructing a catalytic material that combines microscopic heterojunctions with a macroscopic membrane structure to realize synergistic enhancement between the microscopic heterojunction and the macroscopic assembly. At the microscopic level, the S-scheme heterojunction promotes the separation of photogenerated charge carriers through an internal electric field, thereby increasing the hydrogen production rate to 36.47 μmol/mg, which is 5 times higher than that of pure ZnCdS catalyst. At the macroscopic level, the PVDF/PVP/TiO2 electrospun fiber membrane provides a stable support for the ZnCdS/CoS2 S-scheme heterojunction, increasing active sites while enabling easy recovery. The hydrogen production efficiency of this fiber membrane is 2.3 times that of the powdered ZnCdS/CoS2 heterojunction, with an activity retention rate of 90.7% after repeated use. This study’s strategy of combining heterojunctions with electrospinning offers a feasible approach to simultaneously enhance the hydrogen production efficiency, stability, and recyclability of photocatalytic systems.