Epigenetic research methods and animal models for intervertebral disc degeneration (Review)

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is increasingly recognized as a systemic collapse of the epigenetic regulatory network, driven by cellular senescence and environmental stressors. The present review provides an overview of the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms governing IVDD, focusing on the dynamic interplay between DNA methylation, histone modifications, N6‑methyladenosine RNA methylation and the non‑coding RNA regulatory triad (microRNAs, long non‑coding RNAs and circular RNAs). The present study evaluates advanced research methodologies (ranging from site‑specific methylation typing and transposase accessible chromatin sequencing to single‑cell multi‑omics and artificial intelligence‑driven predictive modeling) that resolve the spatial and cellular heterogeneities of the degenerating disc niche. Furthermore, the translational constraints of current animal models were critically assessed, advocating for a strategic shift from acute needle‑puncture insults to physiologically relevant aging and genetically engineered progeroid models to better recapitulate human 'epigenetic drift'. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeted epigenetic editing via CRISPR/dCas9 systems and the development of stimuli‑responsive nanocarriers for precision delivery are highlighted. By bridging methodological innovation with robust model selection, the present review offers a roadmap for transitioning molecular insights into clinical regenerative therapies for spinal health.