MILITARY INTERVENTIONS AND PEACE-MAKING IN NORTH KIVU, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, 2013–2023

Purpose of the Study: This study examined the relationship between military interventions and peace-making outcomes in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo, from 2013 to 2023. It sought to assess the effectiveness of military operations in restoring peace, reducing armed conflict, rebuilding governance structures, and promoting long-term stability within the conflict-affected province. Methodology: The study employed an exploratory research design guided by Peacebuilding Theory and Just War Theory. Primary and secondary data were collected from 97 respondents, including military personnel, civil society representatives, government officials, academics, security experts, and local residents. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyze the collected data. Findings: The findings revealed that coordinated tactical operations, civil-military cooperation, and joint MONUSCO–FARDC missions were the major military approaches used in North Kivu. These interventions contributed to improved public trust, restoration of governance structures, and reduction of armed group activities in some regions. However, the effectiveness of the interventions was undermined by logistical limitations, poor coordination, human rights violations, and mistrust among local communities. The study further established that peacebuilding initiatives produced more sustainable outcomes when military efforts were integrated with economic reintegration programs, political dialogue, and community participation. Conclusion: The study concludes that sustainable peace in North Kivu cannot rely solely on military interventions. Effective peace-making requires integrated strategies combining security operations with political solutions, economic recovery, community engagement, and civilian-led governance. Strengthening coordination among stakeholders is essential for achieving long-term peace and stability in the region.