A Universal Threshold for Geometric Embeddings of Trees

Abstract A graph $$G=(V,E)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is geometrically embeddable into a normed space X when there is a mapping $$\zeta :V\rightarrow X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ζ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> such that $$\Vert \zeta (v)-\zeta (w)\Vert _X\leqslant 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>‖</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ζ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ζ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>‖</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⩽</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> if and only if $$\{v,w\}\in E$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , for all distinct $$v,w\in V$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Our result is the following universal threshold for the embeddability of trees. Let $$\Delta \geqslant 3$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⩾</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and let N be sufficiently large in terms of $$\Delta $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> </mml:math> . Every N –vertex tree of maximal degree at most $$\Delta $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> </mml:math> is embeddable into any normed space of dimension at least $$64\,\frac{\log N}{\log \log N}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>64</mml:mn> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and complete trees are non-embeddable into any normed space of dimension less than $$\frac{1}{2}\,\frac{\log N}{\log \log N}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In striking contrast, spectral expanders and random graphs are known to be non-embeddable in sublogarithmic dimension. Our result is based on a randomized embedding whose analysis utilizes the recent breakthroughs on Bourgain’s slicing problem.

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Journal
COMBINATORICA
Published
2026-05-21
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00493-026-00216-z
Primary Topic
Graph theory and applications
Type
article
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article

A Universal Threshold for Geometric Embeddings of Trees

Pandelis Dodos, Dylan J. Altschuler, Konstantinos Tyros, Konstantin Tikhomirov
COMBINATORICA
Graph theory and applications
article

A Universal Threshold for Geometric Embeddings of Trees

Pandelis Dodos, Dylan J. Altschuler, Konstantinos Tyros, Konstantin Tikhomirov
article en

Abstract

Abstract A graph $$G=(V,E)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is geometrically embeddable into a normed space X when there is a mapping $$\zeta :V\rightarrow X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ζ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> such that $$\Vert \zeta (v)-\zeta (w)\Vert _X\leqslant 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>‖</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ζ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ζ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>‖</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⩽</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> if and only if $$\{v,w\}\in E$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , for all distinct $$v,w\in V$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Our result is the following universal threshold for the embeddability of trees. Let $$\Delta \geqslant 3$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⩾</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and let N be sufficiently large in terms of $$\Delta $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> </mml:math> . Every N –vertex tree of maximal degree at most $$\Delta $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> </mml:math> is embeddable into any normed space of dimension at least $$64\,\frac{\log N}{\log \log N}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>64</mml:mn> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and complete trees are non-embeddable into any normed space of dimension less than $$\frac{1}{2}\,\frac{\log N}{\log \log N}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In striking contrast, spectral expanders and random graphs are known to be non-embeddable in sublogarithmic dimension. Our result is based on a randomized embedding whose analysis utilizes the recent breakthroughs on Bourgain’s slicing problem.

COMBINATORICAVol. 46(3)
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR), Carnegie Mellon University (US)
National Science Foundation, Hellenic Academic Libraries Link, European Commission, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Openalex Percentile: Top 4%
Graph theory and applications
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