Glial Cells in Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) affect the majority of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), substantially increasing caregiver burden and the likelihood of institutionalization. The clinical management of BPSD remains challenging because of its poorly understood pathogenesis, the limited efficacy of conventional interventions, and significant safety concerns associated with current treatments. These limitations underscore the urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets and develop glia-centered treatment strategies. As essential components of the central nervous system, glial cells maintain neural homeostasis, regulate neurotransmission, and mediate neuroinflammatory responses. Increasing evidence suggests that glial dysfunction contributes to the development of BPSD, thereby linking AD neuropathology and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Aberrant microglial activation, astrocytic dysfunction, and oligodendrocyte injury collectively compromise neural circuit integrity, disrupt neurotransmitter balance, and impair neuron–glia communication, ultimately promoting the progression of diverse BPSDs. Given the critical role of glial cells in regulating neurotransmitter systems, the dysregulation of which is closely associated with BPSD, this review summarizes the involvement of glial cells in BPSD, elucidates the underlying molecular mechanisms, and discusses recent advances in glia-based therapeutic strategies, thereby providing insights into the pathogenesis of BPSD in AD.