Physical Essence of Black Holes at Galactic Centers and a New Mechanism for Galaxy Evolution

This paper abandons inconsistent assumptions in traditional black hole theory, such as gravitational light trapping, singularity with zero volume, and jet driving by electromagnetic forces. Based on observational facts and fundamental physical logic, it systematically elaborates the essence of supermassive black holes at galactic centers, the cause of their darkness, jet formation mechanisms, energy-matter conversion processes, galactic motion dynamics, and the law of spatial attitude flipping. A self-consistent, unified and contradiction-free theoretical system is constructed. The study shows that the essence of a black hole at the galactic center is a high-energy photon soup at the core of the galactic vortex—a pure energy body with no physical mass, no singularity structure, and no self-generated gravity. The black appearance arises because visible light entering the photon soup is energized upward into ultra-high-energy invisible light, rather than being bound by gravity. In the early stage, a galaxy contracts and assembles under the dominance of gravitational forces among matter. After the black hole forms and turns into a high-energy photon soup, the black hole itself exerts no gravity, but the mutual gravitational attraction among stars, nebulae, gas, dust and other matter within the galaxy remains. Matter continuously converges toward the center driven by vortex torque, rotational inertia, and mutual gravity among matter, and is melted into pure energy upon entering the photon soup. Black hole jets are driven by rotational compression and polar pressure relief, consisting mainly of pure high-energy photon streams that regenerate basic matter after energy decay during long-distance propagation, forming a cosmic mass-energy cycle. Sustained jet ejection and energy balance adjustment cause the galaxy to undergo a periodic 180° spatial flip, explaining the diverse orientations of galaxies in the universe. Ultra-long-distance jets up to 23 million light-years can cross galaxy groups, deliver fresh matter and energy to aging or dead galaxies, replenish nebula materials, restart star formation, and revive defunct galaxies. This theory consistently explains key observations including the M87 black hole jet, the 23-million-light-year jet of the Porphyrion black hole, and the diversity of galactic spatial orientations, corrects core misconceptions in traditional theory, and provides a new paradigm for black hole physics and galaxy evolution.